This post was kindly contributed by SAS and R - go there to comment and to read the full post. |
Cramer’s V is a measure of association for nominal variables. Effectively it is the Pearson chi-square statistic rescaled to have values between 0 and 1, as follows:
V = sqrt(X^2 / [nobs * (min(ncols, nrows) – 1)])
where X^2 is the Pearson chi-square,
As an example, we’ll revisit the table of homelessness vs. gender we present in Section 2.6.3.
SAS
In SAS, Cramer’s V is provided when the chisq option to the tables statement is used, in proc freq.
proc freq data = "c:\book\help.sas7bdat";
tables female*homeless / chisq;
run;
resulting in
Statistics for Table of FEMALE by HOMELESS
Statistic DF Value Prob
------------------------------------------------------
Chi-Square 1 4.3196 0.0377
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 1 4.3654 0.0367
Continuity Adj. Chi-Square 1 3.8708 0.0491
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1 4.3101 0.0379
Phi Coefficient -0.0977
Contingency Coefficient 0.0972
Cramer's V -0.0977
where (as usual) several additional values are also included. The negative value shown for Cramer’s V is odd– it’s unclear what rationale should be used for using the negative root. According to the documentation, this is only a possibility for 2 by 2 tables.
R
As far as we know, Cramer’s V is not included in base R. Of course, it is easy to assemble directly. We found one version on line. However, this requires a table as input, so we’ve rewritten it here to accept vector input instead.
Here’s the function, which uses unique() (section 1.4.16) to extract the values of the rows and columns and length() (Section 1.4.15) to find their number and the number of observations. A more bullet-proof version of the function would check to ensure the two vectors are of equal length (or allow the input in a variety of formats).
cv.test = function(x,y) {
CV = sqrt(chisq.test(x, y, correct=FALSE)$statistic /
(length(x) * (min(length(unique(x)),length(unique(y))) - 1)))
print.noquote("Cramér V / Phi:")
return(as.numeric(CV))
}
So we can get Cramer’s V as
helpdata = read.csv("http://www.math.smith.edu/r/data/help.csv")
with(helpdata, cv.test(female, homeless)
[1] Cramér V / Phi:
[1] 0.09765063
This post was kindly contributed by SAS and R - go there to comment and to read the full post. |